Essay on Civil RightsEssay Writing Service

Essay on Civil RightsEssay Writing Service Essay on Civil Rights Essay on Civil RightsThe development of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1940s – 1970s contributed to the consistent transformation of the US society through the elimination of inequality in basic human rights between white Americans and African Americans as well as other racial minorities. In this regard, Rosa Parks protest and desegregation, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Fair Housing Act of 1968 were the major developments of the Civil Rights Movement aiming at the elimination of inequality between white Americans and African Americans as well as other racial minorities.Rosa Parks protest was one of the turning points in the US history on the way to desegregation. Prior to her protest and refusal to give in the seat in the ‘white’ part of the bus to a white man, the segregation was taken for granted (Hine 154). The segregation created conditions for the racial divide in the US which could have grown wider and turn into a sort of apartheid conducted in th e SAR (Garrow 382).In this regard, the open protest and open manifestation of civil disobedience by Rosa Parks had triggered the active social struggle of racial minorities for desegregation in the US. At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that segregation affected not only the public transport but also other fields, such as education (Dalfiume 101). The desegregation movement, which started in terms of the Civil Rights Movement due to Rosa Parks and similar manifestations of public protest against segregation, contributed to the elimination of racial inequality and desegregation of the US, including not only transportation system but also schools and other fields, where segregation used to be deeply-rooted and progressing (Shockley 132).The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was the major legal act introducing the principle of racial equality in terms of human rights and liberties in the US (Korstad Lichtenstein 792). The introduction of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was the major l egal act that eliminated racial inequality and banned discrimination based on racial differences in the US (Yuill 276). The introduction of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 accomplished the long lasting struggle of African Americans for equal rights and liberties compared to the white majority.The Fair Housing Act of 1968 was another major legislative change that granted African Americans with equal rights compared to the white majority and, more important, laid the ground for better economic conditions for African Americans because real estate was and still is the milestone of the economic independence of Americans (Dann 69). In such a way, the Fair Housing Act of 1968 was not only the political but also economic law that formally created conditions for the equality of white Americans and African Americans (Branch 71). This is why this legal act was one of the major changes brought by the Civil Rights Movement that had opened new, wider opportunities to stand on the equal ground compar ed to the white majority.On the other hand, the introduction of the Fair Housing Act still failed to provide African Americans with better economic opportunities to close gaps between them and white Americans. In this regard, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 attempted to prevent discrimination in the US on the ground of the racial background of Americans. The Civil Rights Act eliminated discrimination in the field of employment that meant that African Americans had got the opportunity to get better jobs and earn more. The Fair Housing Act provided them with equal right to buy and own houses without any restrictions caused by their racial background.In such a situation, the major problem African Americans faced was the lack of education which prevented them from obtaining better jobs. But, in this regard, the elimination of segregation could have closed the gap between white and non-white students because formally they had got equal educational rights because of the elimination of segreg ation initiated by Rosa Parks and other civil rights activists (Hine 156). However, the problem of African Americans’ inequality was resolved only partially because the elimination of segregation did not bring them economic opportunities to obtain higher education (Robnett 1668). The lack of the good education virtually annihilated their rights to the equal employment compared to white Americans granted in terms of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The lack of well-paid jobs and real access of African Americans to those jobs deprived them of constructing or purchasing houses on the equal ground to white Americans, the right granted to African Americans in terms of the Fair Housing Act of 1968.Thus, the major advancements in the Civil Rights Movement, such as desegregation driven by Rosa Parks and other civil rights activists, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Fair Housing Act of 1968, provided African Americans with equal rights and liberties compared to white Americans but still they fa iled to eliminate the economic disparity between the two racial groups, at least in a short-run perspective. On the other hand, these major developments contributed to closing gaps between white Americans and non-white Americans since all of them have got equal rights and liberties and, in the course of time, African Americans and other racial minorities attempt to eliminate the persisting inequality.

Back Titration in Chemistry

Back Titration in Chemistry A back titration is a titration method where the concentration of an analyte is determined by reacting it with a known amount of excess reagent. The remaining excess reagent is then titrated with another, second reagent. The second titrations result shows how much of the excess reagent was used in the first titration, thus allowing the original analytes concentration to be calculated. A back titration may also be called an indirect titration. When Is a Back Titration Used? A back titration is used when the molar concentration of an excess reactant  is known, but the need exists to determine the strength or concentration of an analyte. Back titration is typically applied in acid-base titrations: When the acid or (more commonly) base is an insoluble salt (e.g., calcium carbonate) When direct titration endpoint would be hard to discern (e.g., weak acid and weak base titration) When the reaction occurs very slowly Back titrations are applied, more generally, when the endpoint is easier to see than with a normal titration, which applies to some precipitation reactions. How Is a Back Titration Performed? Two steps are typically followed in a back titration: The volatile analyte is permitted to react with an excess reagent A titration is conducted on the remaining quantity of the known solution This is a way to measure the amount consumed by the analyte, thus calculate the excess quantity.

ENTREPRENEURIAL SURVIVAL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ENTREPRENEURIAL SURVIVAL - Essay Example As a result of this, the paper focuses on the types of accounts and reports small and medium-sized companies deliver to Company House; showing the deadlines, methods of filing these and the consequences for failure to do the same. There are hundreds of millions of businesses set up each year globally. Starting ones business is always a very exciting experience filled with ambitions and expectations. However, statistics show that out of every 5 businesses set up, 4 will fall in a span of three years. This therefore calls for one to pay attention to the list of options at his disposal and the legal framework involving each and every one of them. This refers to an individual who runs by his/ herself an unincorporated type of business. This is always the easiest option that does not involve much framework. This individual incurs taxes under the system of Inland’s Revenue Assessment with income tax come to after deductions of legitimate expenses incurred by the business and one’s personal allowance. The sole trader is accountable for all the company’s debts and profits. This is a cooperation of at least two individuals solely bound with the shared vision of doing business together. They operate within the boundaries of the Partnership Act of 1890. However, this type of structure does not have its own legal personality hence the partners are to answer for any debts the business incurs. The partnerships agreement covers for: Incorporating what the business per takes of blows a new breath into the whole scene as the business is now viewed as legal person different from the directors. The profits and losses incurred are only limited to the company and it too has its obligations. This therefore means that upon the exit of the management or the shareholders, the company does not cease to be. This is also known as a limited â€Å"company†. A limited company has a higher probability of incurring less tax compared to the other types of companies.

Develop a description essay about a narrator character in The Tale Assignment

Develop a description essay about a narrator character in The Tale Tell Heart - Assignment Example A person with psychopathic behavior is said to have a mental disorder by his ability to endure antisocial behaviors. The narrator in this story displays psychopathic behaviors in several situations. In the beginning of the story narrator says,’ I loved the old man! He had never wronged me! He had never given me insult!’ (Poe 1). The narrator kills the old man without any motive since he claims that the old man has never wronged him and that he loved him. In general society setting, this will be perceived to be an abnormal or psychopathic behavior. Similarly, he went to the old man house everyday for seven days just to shine the old man’s eyes which he claimed were ‘evil eyes’. This further illustrates the narrator Psychopathic nature. Remorseful nature of the character is also displayed in this context. When one is filled with guilt or regret about an act he was involved in, then he is said to be remorseful. At the beginning of the story, the narrator tries to proof his sanity. He tries to exclude himself from madness. This shows how much he regrets his behavior and tries to make the reader understand his position. He even claimed that he loved the old man and he had nothing on him. When the police came to check on the old man, the narrator is able to convince them that the old man was out of the country. However, the guilt and remorse of his act build up and he could barely hold on. He breaks downs and confesses. The situation was so intense that the narrator hallucinates. He claimed that the ringing in his ears were the old man’s heart beats. A character that is easily agitated or alarmed is said to be nervous. When nervous persons are caught in a challenging or difficult situation they become tense and anxious and it may result to the character behaving or acting abnormally. The character in the story is revealed to be a very nervous character. The narrator claims that he was sick. He said that he had a

Economics Commentary - U.S quota reduction on textiles Essay Example for Free

Economics Commentary U.S quota reduction on textiles Essay China is an industrialized country and it exports lots of goods to other country. International trade involves the exchange of goods and services across international boundaries. The country depends on its sales abroad to develop its country. The textile industry is a massive industry in china, depends a lot on its exports to make its profits. But the United States (U.S) also has a text tile industry and so to protect their industry they use quotas to protect its industry. The quota is worth $6 billion annual quota and U.S is reducing its quota on the import of Chinese textiles by $9 million because U.S thinks that China is using a third country to get its goods to U.S. Chinas government is not pleased with this and it is try to protect its industry. U.S is using protectionism, which is the restriction of international trade. It prevents consumers and producers reaching the equilibrium price and quantity that would happen in a free market. One way to enforce protectionism is Quotas take the form of a physical limitation on the quantity of a commodity which is allowed to enter the country in a given year. What U.S is doing to Chinese textiles is that it is dropping its quota by $ p million dollars from the $6 billion annual quota. The world supply falls; and this gives the Chinese firms to supply more to the U.S market, directly. The decrease in the quota also leads to consumer surplus to rise. Consumer surplus is the difference between the prices that a consumer is prepared to pay the actual price paid. This is because the consumers were willing to pay for the Chinese textiles price with the quota and so now it is cheaper. Therefore the consumer surplus rises from ADE to ABC. Consumer surplus which is gained is areas 1, 2, 3 and 4. Area 1 is the loss of domestic producers benefit from selling more at a higher price. Area 3 is the windfall gain; it is part of the revenue that the foreign traders get, in this case China. The total revenue for Chinese textiles sold in the U.S is are area 3, 5, 6 and 7 together, before dropping the quota, area 3 was the only amount that China was allowed to sell. Area 2 and 4 are a net loss to society (deadweight loss). China has comparative advantage over U.S in the textile industry. A country is said to have a comparative advantage in the production of a good if it can produce it at a lower opportunity cost than another country. The labor-intensive industry is one where China has an advantage over other producing nations, therefore China has specialized in the textile industry and they would import other goods into the country. The Chinese officials are not pleased with the quota reducing; this is because the textile industry in China is a strategic industry and is trying to protect it. To protect a strategic industry is to protect an industry that employs a large proportion of the population and/or maybe the industry has strong roots in the country and it contributes to the nations identity. These are the two reasons why China does not like what U.S is doing to them, because other country might lose its trust to China and would try to prevent trading with them. Another reason for China not liking the actions taken by U.S is because china hopes anticipated gains in the textile industry will offset huge losses in employment capacity in other economic sectors. China wants all of its industry to grow at the same time and equally, and so this reduced quota will harm their industries, this is why China takes this matter very seriously. China does not like what U.S has done to their textile industry as this might break trade relations, and this may well be loses for both sides. Their relation would get worse, and then China would retaliate as they want to protect its industry and this would lead to more problems. As exports represent an injection into the circular flow of income and are subjected to the multiplier effect. And also unemployment would rise in other industry within China, and even some firms in U.S, as they might not be able to compete with the Chinese industries.

The Luddite Revolt :: European Europe History

The Luddite Revolt England at the Turn of the Century At the beginning of the 1800's England was still largely an agricultural country. Frank Ongley Durvall in his text, Popular Disturbances and Public Order in Regency England, states that "over half the population [was] living in the country"(12). In London there were over one million dwellers. Nevertheless, this city's population comprised only one-tenth of the entire population of England. Aside from London, most cities and towns contained only several thousand people, where the average household size was between five to six persons. The transportation of products and people around the nation was limited in part by the fact that the English population was still predominantly dispersed throughout the countryside and that most goods were still being made locally. However another factor that limited transportation was its relative lack of modernization. At the turn of the century England had yet to establish a railroad system. The primary means of shipping goods was either by boat using canals or by horse-drawn cart on roadways. Meanwhile, travelers depended upon either their feet or horse-drawn carriage to get them where ever they wished. As I briefly mentioned above during this period most industry was located in the country, with the majority of work taking place in the home work-shops of craftsmen. Any manufacturing plants that did exist at that time were water powered. These factories were usually small and only employed a handful of workers. The major industries at the beginning of the 1800's were textiles, hosiery, lace, iron mining and manufacture, ship building, and coal mining. Yet, agriculture was still the number one business, with some 35 percent, or more, of the populace of the island working in it(14). In many villages craftsmen would not only work making goods but would also cultivate small private lots. From these household plots they would harvest crops for their family's consumption and for trade. If these craftsmen did not own their own plot they would join others in tending to a communal field from which all members of the community could partake of the harvest. Because of this agriculturally powered economy most businesses remained predominantly local. Business owners were usually residents of the town where their businesses were located, so that they had a material interest in the prosperity and success of the town. This localization of business, along with industry, allowed for a harmonious connection to develop between the owners and their workers.

H&R Sewing Machine Company Essay

1. What elements of â€Å"Kotter (2000)† can be applied to the case study? The following elements of Kotter (2000) can be applied to the case study: Establish a sense of urgency Traditionally manufacturers of sewing machines were located in Germany, Japan and United States; now they have expanded to low cost region of the world which includes China, Korea and Taiwan. The main competitors in Canada were two Japanese manufacturers; Brother International Corporation and Juki Sewing Machine Company, Juki was the market leader but appreciating yen and technological advancements gave an edge to other foreign competitors. Creating the Vision Strategies must be developed to lead the organization throughout the change as whenever a change takes place individuals in the organization goes through emotional rollercoaster and the organization has to bear growing pains which includes drop in productivity levels, absences, lack of morale and motivation and resignations. A clear cut vision must guide the managers how to lead organization and its employees through the time of pain and emotional rollercoaster. Communicating the Vision Once vision is created, managers must make sure that the vision is properly communicated to all employees; it must be ensured that all employees understand the vision clearly; there is no chaos, no confusion, and no need of further explanations. In this particular case it should be ensured that the vision is communicated to all markets and distributors (stakeholders) throughout the globe. Empowerment of others to act on the vision Changing systems and structures that seriously undermine the vision. Recognizing and rewarding the employees that are involved in the improvements. Encourage risk taking and nontraditional ideas, activities and actions. Knock down the barriers resisting transformation. Whenever change takes place in an organization the greatest problem is of â€Å"ME Issues† it makes employees become self-centered and there is minimal team work, Me Issues must be resolved for a focused team effort. Managers must identify where they themselves are, their organization is and their employees are on the emotional roller coaster in order to empower others to act on the vision. Planning and creating for short-term wins Planning should be done for visible performances of employees even if they achieve some targets their efforts must be recognized on organizational level for example they are awarded with employee of the month award and so on or their efforts are recognized in the organizational pamphlets. Consolidating improvements and producing still more change Small improvements must be consolidated together and change whenever brought about must be brought slowly and gradually in the organization so that all employees are used to the change and do not panic if change comes too soon in front of them. They should be communicated properly about the change and must be guided throughout the change process. Institutionalizing new approaches Changes brought about in the organization and the benefits reaped from those changes must be communicated to employees to build their confidence that the change was for the success of the organization. 1. What issues are important for me if I was the change agent of the company regarding the â€Å"kaleidoscope model†? Design Choices: Andrew had laid 3 design choices for the company which is: Consolidate the business Sell or eliminate all marginal business so emphasis can be paid on core business which is selling and servicing new and used Juki sewing machines and their parts. Focused will be paid on 100 most profitable customers, rest will be handled by dealers. Low cost and high service parts programs will be implemented. Practices will be adopted which improves efficiency of operations. Furthermore, costs of goods sold will be lowered. Direct accountability of customers will be made by assigning H&R sales representative to a customer. Sell consumables rather than machines Maintenance, Repair and Operations (MRO) involves supplying the products needed to keep manufacturing facilities up and running; the items which are bought infrequently raise the cost of doing business. Thus, H&R will offer MRO products to manufacturers that want to lower these costs. Niche market will be targeted in either garment or non-garment that has a sustainable market, good management, requires continued cost reduction and requires high quality service for parts and supplies. Profitability of operations will be derived from negotiations on discounts, sourcing less expensive parts to OEM facilities at the same time not compromising on quality. Ensuring margin between revenue and cost is not consumed by cost of operations. H&R will copy practices of companies that provide MRO products to customers in the other industries. Move H&R from sewing machines to other related industries H&R can become a leasing company. There are many customers including the company that wants to lease the equipment, the manufacturer/distributor that wants to sell the equipment, leasing brokers, and the lenders that provide H&R’s financing. In order to go into this leasing business H&R needs to attracts brokers which act as an agent for a leasing company. Leasing companies can buy cheap equipments, can sell returned equipment in auctions, can charge lessees for the terms of contract, additional costs or revenue and so on. H&R needs to find lenders willing to participate so that they have the money needed to finance an inventory of equipment. Build a broad portfolio of leases secured by the assets of lessees so that risk is reduced. Have the technical knowledge needed to audit returned equipment and to then restore or sell it. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   How can I apply the â€Å"kaleidoscope model† in relation to the three different options of change in the case study? Explain in detail each one of the contextual features of the â€Å"kaleidoscope model†. Time Model 1: Can be done in a short time span as no expansions need to done or no new line of business needs to opened up. Model 2: It requires time more than the first option as analysis of MRO in other industries needs to need and furthermore, indirectly the target market is being redefined in this scenario. Model 3: It requires time to set up the business, to gather all equipments which are eligible for sales, finding trustworthy brokers, organizing auctions and attracting public. Scope Model 1: Low degree of change is required as core business activity will remain the same. Model 2: High degree of change is required as the core function is being changed from selling sewing machines to consumables. Model 3: High degree of change is required as the industry is being changed. Preservation Model 1: Most of the organization’s characteristics and resources needs to be maintained including inventories as core business will remain the same. Competition with dealers will continue on large retail sales. Model 2: Manufacturing facilities needs to be kept up and in running condition. No compromise on quality will be made and margins will be kept up between revenue and the costs. Model 3: Equipments to be maintained properly over the leasing period so they could be auctioned. Repairs, maintenance and insurance can be provided along with leasing services. Diversity Model 1: High diversity as the business is wide spread throughout the globe. Model 2: Low diversity as supply will be handled by MRO independently. Model 3: Medium as customers are mixed including customers, manufacturers, distributors, brokers and so on. Capability Model 1: High capability as each customer will be assigned to an individual H&R sales representative. Model 2: Low capability as operating practices of MRO will be copied. Model 3: They have technical knowledge but require finance. Capacity Model 1: No or minimal change in resources are required. Model 2: Resources require change from sewing machine to consumable products. Model 3: Equipments can be leased rest all resources needs to changed. Readiness Model 1: They are ready. Model 2: Training and a lot of learning is required. Model 3: Needs to protect its work force. Power Model 1: Direct accountability will be created. Model 2: Tough management and execution phases. Model 3: Impose rigorous control systems and processes. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What is the most appropriate type of change for Andrew Rosenfeldt to use regarding the case study? Adaptation Model 1: Since core business activity in this scenario will remain same thus no big changes are required and there is no need of adaptation. Model 2: Employees need to be trained properly so they can adapt to new processes. They need to identify suppliers of MRO, evaluate them, negotiate prices, produce price and avail files, order products, maintain inventories, bill customers, and pay suppliers. Model 3: Scope of business will be changed from selling sewing machines and its parts to leasing business. Employees need to be adapted to the new business format soon. Re-Construction Model 1: No specify re-construction is required just some change in activities at small scale will take place like every customer will be assigned to H&R sales representatives and will be held accountable separately. Model 2: Employees have to adapt to new ways of working by copying the MRO practices; there is no particular choice left. Model 3: Employees have to adopt the practices of a leasing firm and not merely a selling firm. Evolution Model 1: The change is properly planned as they have already decided that each customer will be assigned to separate sales representatives in order to entertain direct accountability. Model 2: Here the change is somewhat planned as they know they will copy the practices of MRO products to customers in different industries but they haven’t identified exactly what products, which industries and to what extent will the MRO products be copied. Model 3: The change is not well planned, they just know what they have to do like open a leasing company and those they require brokers but the objectives are not properly identified like where the leasing business will be carried on, who will be the brokers and so on. Revolution: Model 1: Direct accountability will be introduced Model 2: Scope of business will change from selling sewing machines to some consumable business. Model 3: Industry will change to a leasing company.

Stop and Press

Now 20 years later I discovered a new life form on this planet. This news could be either scary or remarkable for some. Planet Neo is 200 miles away from earth and 300 miles away further from the sun than the earth. Neo evolved over the past twenty years and conditions became much more favorable to support life. A water system underground was discovered and it is here in this underground system life has been discovered. The condition beneath the surface of Planet Neo proved very favorable for life subjected to some harsh climate change.The underground water system has similar conditions to a hydrothermal vent on earth. The discovery of hydrothermal vents on earth has presented us with a possible explanation for the origin of life. On Planet Neo the conditions were the new life form was found was similar to the hydrothermal vent conditions on earth. The life form that was discovered was called Octillion looks somewhat like a squid. Octopus has a very hard diverse outer skeleton on its entire body. It has eight fat tentacles also layered with this skeleton.This creature has all the characteristics of living things. The seven characteristics of living things are: 1 . Movement 2. Reproduction 3. Sensitivity 4. Nutrition 5. Excretion 6. Respiration 7. Growth Octillion has each of the above characteristics that I will further explain in depth Movement- Octillion was recognized by its movement in the underground water system. Scientists created a camera that was able to withstand harsh temperatures, pressures and atmospheric changes; this camera was able to enter the underground water system, the scientists controls were the camera goes.I remember the first time he saw Octillion it was between two Jagged rocks, remembered vividly the camera scaring the creature from video footage and Octillion stimulus was to swim away very quickly and spew out purple slime from pores, on its back. Sensitivity – Octopus has very hard outer Skeleton that Is completely resistance to heat, there are little pore openings In Its back that open and close allowing It to moderate Its environment.This purple slime is not dangerous, sample shows it is a mixture of the same chemical found in a moss like looking substance on the wall of the rocks and seafloor which I called it purple because it is purple in color. Nutrition – Octillion as I said before spew out a purple slime whose chemical components is similar to that of a moss looking substance found on the stones and seafloor called purple. It as concluded that Octillion feeds on the purple from video footage again that gives it nutrition which causes it to respire allowing it to survive in the harsh underground water system.Excretion – the form in which Octillion got rid of waste was; it settles in a corner goes into the hard skeleton structure and little bubbles fill with a transparent liquid comes out the pores, I believe that Octillion excretes build up food from purple and it is transparent bec ause it uses the chemicals from the purple to spew the colorful purple slime for stimulus and it then excrete the cytoplasm looking bubble. Reproduction – the bubbles that are seen during the excretion process accounts for reproduction.It is this cytoplasm looking bubbles that carry a form of DNA from the Octillion allowing it to reproduce. All these data can be accounted for because test and experiments where perform and from these experiments it was concluded that the bubbles is somewhat of a single cell organism, but not all survive due to the harsh conditions. Reproduction process will be able to occur under the same Temperature and pressure in which Octillion was born and discovered. Respiration – obviously in order for Octillion to stay alive it respires, cause it feed on the purple.Growth – I have been tracking Octillion for the past six months and it has grown approximately twelve centimeters longer from the first time it was discovered. So this is evide nces that Octillion grows. On Earth these seven characteristics is use to tell if something is alive. Octillion exhibits all characteristics which is so amazing. Charles Darwin if alive today would have been so involved in these findings. Charles Darwin, the British naturalist, came up with the theory of evolution in 1859; he changed our idea of how life on earth developed.Darwin argued that all organisms evolve, or change, very slowly over time. These changes are adaptations that allow a species to survive in its environment. These adaptations happen by chance. If a species doesn't adapt, it may become extinct. He called this process natural selection but it is often called the survival of the fittest. It can be seen that Octillion has adapted to the conditions on Planet Neo, and with that adaptation there is room for evolution. If Octillion could survive on the harsh conditions of Planet Neo, who are we to say that there isn't any other forms of life on lane Neo.I am on the quest to discover more living entities on Planet Neo thanks to the advances of technology in today's world. The fabric of the universe is waiting on scientist like me to extract the underlying knowledge. This discovery has made history in the life of humans; Just imagine life forms on other planets! This gives rise to a lot of speculation be it conflict or amazement. Some people are accepting of this discovery, stating this means that there are more avenues to explore the great beyond, others on the other hand are fearful of this discovery.

Machiavellis Italy - A Renaissance Simulation Essays - Free Essays

Machiavelli's Italy - A Renaissance Simulation Essays - Free Essays Machiavelli's Italy - A Renaissance Simulation This activity is a simulation. A simulation is like a game, but instead of a random subject, like word meanings or running around a board faster than someone else, a simulation uses historical variables and player decisions, coupled to a probability system, and the goal of the simulation is to achieve an outcome that represents the possibilities of history by manipulating successfully all of the aforesaid possibilities. In this simulation, you and a partner(s) will be controlling one of the historical city-states of the Italian Renaissance period, and attempting to dominate southern Europe politically, economically, and militarily. You will have a myriad of options available to you to do that, all of which were prevalent and possible at the time. It is an excellent way to understand, in as real a way as possible, the turbulent times of the 1400-1500s, and the difficulties associated with ruling a Renaissance city-state. It is one thing to study it; it is another to do it. Students will also gain a much keener sense of the problems associated with the practice of diplomacy and realpolitik in any time, as the vagaries of human nature and random events can not be perfectly, if even somewhat predicted. The rules are written like game rules. Each section deals with a different aspect of the simulation. We will do some practice, and then advance to the actual playing of the simulation. You will have to read through the rules, and then practice a turn to get the feel of how it works, and the mechanics of it will become easier as you try different things out. Welcome to Machiavelli's world of 1450. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Object of the simulation/how to win. II. Definitions of terms used in the rules III. Turn sequence A. Basic B. Detailed IV. Control of territories and cities on the board V. Units in the simulation: functions, movement A. Armies: capabilities, uses, and possibilities B. Cavalry: capabilities, uses, and possibilities C. Fleets: capabilities, uses, and possibilities D. Garrisons: capabilities, uses, and possibilities E. Mercenaries: contracting, use, management, capabilities, and possibilities F. Miscellaneous: pirates, other armies of intervention, captured units VI. Unit Orders and explanations VII. Play Cards: explanations Cities Families Trade Persons of Influence Historical Events Papal Offices Spy/Assassin Mercenaries/condottierri I. OBJECT OF THE SIMULATION: to have control of 20 provinces and their cities, including all of one's own, with none in rebellion or containing any Units not your own. If this condition isn't met by a certain or agreed upon time limit, the victor is that player with the most Influence Points. II. DEFINITIONS Army - a square piece representing a citizen army of about 1,000 men, marked with the coat of arms of the controlling power Assassination - the killing of a head of family, ruler of a city- state/nation, or a person of influence by a spy Cards - a set of cards that are used in the game to introduce elements into the simulation that historically had major effects on political, economic, diplomatic, and military outcomes City - a built up area within a province that is controlled by a major family of the Renaissance period, provides income, houses Persons of Influence and garrisons, and provide better protection against outbreaks of plague. Contract - an agreement between two Renaissance states in the simulation that is written down and includes indemnities for non-performance that are kept in escrow by the Umpire Control - a condition where some asset in the simulation is held solely by one player, and is defined differently for each asset Defection - Families, represented by cards in the simulation, may defect to a neutral state or into other players' control depending upon acts or circumstances that arise during the simulation Die Roll Modifier - something in the simulation that positively or negatively affects the chances of something happening that is determined by a roll of a die or dice. Diplomacy - that part of a simulation turn when players from different Renaissance states may engage in diplomacy/negotiations Dowry - a cash payment made from one family, held by one player(s), to another family, held by another player(s), in order to write a Marriage Order. Elites - famous people from the Renaissance period who help a player build Influence, which may be used in Papal Elections. Escrow - an account held by the umpire that represents deposits made by players as a condition of a contract, as the great banking houses of Italy did at that time Family - a representation

Overview of the Haber-Bosch Process

Overview of the Haber-Bosch Process The Haber-Bosch process is a process that fixes nitrogen with hydrogen to produce ammonia - a critical part in the manufacture of plant fertilizers. The process was developed in the early 1900s by Fritz Haber and was later modified to become an industrial process to make fertilizers by Carl Bosch. The Haber-Bosch process is considered by many scientists and scholars as one of the most important technological advances of the 20th century. The Haber-Bosch process is extremely important because it was the first of processes developed that allowed people to mass-produce plant fertilizers due to the production of ammonia. It was also one of the first industrial processes developed to use high pressure to create a chemical reaction (Rae-Dupree, 2011). This made it possible for farmers to grow more food, which in turn made it possible for agriculture to support a larger population. Many consider the Haber-Bosch process to be responsible for the Earths current population explosion as approximately half of the protein in todays humans originated with nitrogen fixed through the Haber-Bosch process (Rae-Dupree, 2011). History and Development of the Haber-Bosch Process By the period of industrialization the human population had grown considerably, and as a result, there was a need to increase grain production and agriculture started in new areas like Russia, the Americas and Australia (Morrison, 2001). In order to make crops more productive in these and other areas, farmers began to look for ways to add nitrogen to the soil, and the use of manure and later guano and fossil nitrate grew. In the late 1800s and early 1900s, scientists, mainly chemists, began looking for ways to develop fertilizers by artificially fixing nitrogen the way legumes do in their roots. On July 2, 1909, Fritz Haber produced a continuous flow of liquid ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen gases that were fed into a hot, pressurized iron tube over an osmium metal catalyst (Morrison, 2001). It was the first time anyone was able to develop ammonia in this manner. Later, Carl Bosch, a metallurgist and engineer, worked to perfect this process of ammonia synthesis so that it could be used on a world-wide scale. In 1912, construction of a plant with a commercial production capacity began at Oppau, Germany. The plant was capable of producing a ton of liquid ammonia in five hours and by 1914 the plant was producing 20 tons of usable nitrogen per day (Morrison, 2001). With the start of World War I, production of nitrogen for fertilizers at the plant stopped and manufacturing switched to that of explosives for trench warfare. A second plant later opened in Saxony, Germany to support the war effort. At the end of the war both plants went back to producing fertilizers. How the Haber-Bosch Process Works The process works today much like it originally did by using extremely high pressure to force a chemical reaction. It works by fixing nitrogen from the air with hydrogen from natural gas to produce ammonia (diagram). The process must use high pressure because nitrogen molecules are held together with strong triple bonds. The Haber-Bosch process uses a catalyst or container made of iron or ruthenium with an inside temperature of over 800 F (426 C) and a pressure of around 200 atmospheres to force nitrogen and hydrogen together (Rae-Dupree, 2011). The elements then move out of the catalyst and into industrial reactors where the elements are eventually converted into fluid ammonia (Rae-Dupree, 2011). The fluid ammonia is then used to create fertilizers. Today, chemical fertilizers contribute to about half of the nitrogen put into global agriculture, and this number is higher in developed countries. Population Growth and the Haber-Bosch Process Today, the places with the most demand for these fertilizers are also the places where the worlds population is growing the fastest. Some studies show that about 80 percent of the global increase in consumption of nitrogen fertilizers between 2000 and 2009 came from India and China (Mingle, 2013). Despite the growth in the worlds biggest countries, the large population growth globally since the development of the Haber-Bosch process shows how important it has been to changes in global population. Other Impacts and the Future of the Haber-Bosch Process The current process of nitrogen fixation is also not completely efficient, and a large amount is lost after it is applied to fields due to runoff when it rains and a natural gassing off as it sits in fields. Its creation is also extremely energy-intensive due to the high temperature pressure needed to break nitrogens molecular bonds. Scientists are currently working to develop more efficient ways to complete the process and to create more environmentally-friendly ways support the worlds agriculture and growing population.

Applying Ethical Frameworks in Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Applying Ethical Frameworks in Practice - Essay Example It may also lead them avoid seeking care for fear of being exposed against their will. This could lead to serious consequences, for instance further injury or even death in certain instances. Secondly, breach of confidentiality could make a patient feel disrespected by the physicians or healthcare providers. The provisions of confidentiality provide for a means for the preservation of the patient’s privacy and autonomy rights. Therefore, breaching of confidentiality is similar to breaching the privacy and autonomy rights of an individual, which is unethical in healthcare. Thirdly, when healthcare providers or physicians enter into a relationship with patients, there must be fidelity that calls for respect for confidentiality that is developed implicitly and as required by the code of ethics that guides medical and healthcare practice for all health care professionals. This means that the healthcare professional has the obligation to keep the patient’s confidentiality to earn his or her trust and be able to provide the needed care for the patient. When healthcare professionals breach confidentiality, they break the trust and fidelity put upon them by the patients and act irresponsibly. This will therefore be unethical. Several ethical principles emphasize on the importance of confidentiality in healthcare provision. These principles include beneficence, Non-malfeasance, autonomy, justice and truthfulness. The principle of beneficence entails the compassion that health professionals should show towards patients. This means that health professionals must desire to do good and an aspect of this is to keep the patient confidentiality, as it is an important factor in patient advocacy. Non-malfeasance is also an important principle in the sense that it stipulates that health professionals should ensure the avoidance of harm as a core of medical oath and nursing ethics. Breaching patient confidentiality equals to malfeasance. The