SMART GRID Essays - Energy, Electric Power, Physical Universe

SMART GRID for Efficient Electrification S. SAIKUMAR, K. SRINIVAS Department of electrical engineering, VIGNAN university INDIA [emailprotected] [emailprotected] INTRODUCTION: Well, the world today is earning its own bread due to Electricity, otherwise it is unimaginable to animate on earth. As the credential given to every living thing in this cosmos is that, it can think, this is the logic why the mankind especially is able to reach out to the entire universe in spite of confining him to his homeland, Earth. In this aspect, the first discovery was the WHEEL, through which man travelled along, extending his thought he urged to see the world even in darkness, then it came, FIRE, through which he cooked the food and also used it to lit his home. He did not confine to that later on he discovered the existence of electric CHARGE, then to electricity. The first form electrical energy was STATIC ELECTRICITY, a discovery of Benjamin Franklin. Then the father of electricity, Michael Faraday proposed his laws through which he was able to produce the flow of charge using the principle of MAGNESTISM, which says that one object attracts the other due to some imaginary force between them. That's it, the era of electricity began and it literally made the earth bloom in the night. WHAT IS ELECTRICITY: It is defined as "the flow of charge ", from higher potential to lower potential. Till date the electrical energy is produced basing on the faraday's laws which state that whenever a conducting material cuts the imaginary lines of force between the two magnets an EMF (i.e. some potential) is induced dynamically or statically based on the mechanical moment of conductor. The primary prerequisite to produce it is the availability of a resource, regarding this the existence of magnetism is the boon of earth. It can be produced in many ways because the aim is to cut the magnetic lines. process of Utililisation of Electricity: Idea of energy production was really simple, but to transmit it is the legitimate challenge, till date. Coming to its journey, initially it is produced in a particular area named Generating Station, then the power is given to the Transmission Lines which carry the energy to the local receiving stations which store and distribute it through local lines to the daily purposes like households, industries (load). Due to the property of materials, law of conservation of energy there are many hurdles in transmission. Challenges with Energy Production Distribution: The first challenge associated with it is the Resistance (Z) of the materials used for the transmission, due to which the amount of power that is being produced is not able to reach the consumer. In this regard, there is no other option as the conductors are the only materials which take the electricity. The other one is the external factor, it is the Scarcity of the natural resources which drive the generating station. When it comes to the production by COAL, the pollution is alarming and through WATER the efficiency is low which can be combinedly considered as another challenge. The counter to these challenges is the RENEWABLE sources like Sunlight, Wind, Nuclear energy, but these are economically not suitable and that is the reason why these are not being implemented in daily life of mankind. Inconsistency in Power Factor maintenance is another point of challenge because it results in increase of reactive power consumption, which would damage the connected loads. Necessity of Centralized Monitoring: As the collection and distribution of the electricity for a particular nation needs to be smooth and uniform. So, that is mandatory to set the central point of circulation. From this it can be implied that the generating stations and the transmission lines need to be interlinked within for a certain area of country. GRID: As the electrical power system consists of many Generating power plants, transmission lines, Sub-Stations, various load tapings we definitely need centralized monitoring system. So, we come across "GRID". DEF: GRID is defined as an interconnection of several transmission lines and Sub-Stations. It is literally said to be The Energy Bank though the generating stations are Minting spots. Every consumer will draw the power from the GRID indirectly through several small-scale power distribution corporations of individual states. There is no limitation in the amount

All About the Habits and Traits of Carpenter Bees

All About the Habits and Traits of Carpenter Bees Carpenter bees dont exactly endear themselves to people. They excavate nests in wood decks, porches, and homes, and the males tend to  exhibit an unsettling aggressiveness. However, despite their bad behavior, carpenter bees are quite harmless and are actually excellent pollinators. Large carpenter bees (about 500 different species) belong to the genus Xylocopa. Interestingly, these insects inhabit every continent except Antarctica. Identifying Carpenter Bees Carpenter bees get their name from their woodworking skills. These solitary bees excavate nest tunnels in wood, especially in lumber that is bare and weathered. Over several years, the damage to wood can become quite extensive, as the bees expand old tunnels and excavate new ones. Carpenter bees often nest in decks, porches, and eaves, putting them in close proximity to people. Xylocopa bees look quite similar to bumblebees, so its easy to misidentify them. Look at the upper side of the bees abdomen to differentiate the two kinds of bees. While bumblebee abdomens are hairy, the top of a carpenter bees abdomen will be hairless, black, and shiny. Male carpenter bees will hover around nest entrances, chasing away intruders. They lack a sting, though, so just ignore their buzzing and aggressive flights around your head. Females do sting, but only if seriously provoked. Refrain from swatting at them, and you shouldnt have to worry about carpenter bees causing you harm. Carpenter Bee Classifications Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ArthropodaClass: InsectaOrder: HymenopteraFamily: ApidaeGenus: Xylocopa Diet and Life Cycle Like honey bees, carpenter bees feed on pollen and nectar. Female bees provision their larvae with food by placing a ball of pollen and regurgitated nectar in the brood cell. Its important to note that carpenter bees do not feed on wood at any time during their life cycle. Carpenter bees overwinter as adults, usually within vacant nest tunnels. As the weather warms in spring, the adults emerge and mate. Males die after mating, while females begin excavating new tunnels or expanding tunnels from previous years. She constructs brood cells for her offspring, provisions them with food, and then lays an egg in each chamber. Eggs hatch within a few days, and the young larvae feed on the cache left by the mother. Within a period of five to seven weeks, depending on environmental conditions, the bee pupates and reaches adulthood. The new adult generation emerges in late summer to feed on nectar before settling in for the winter. Special Adaptations and Defenses Though they are good pollinators of open-faced flowers, deeper flowers present a challenge for the large carpenter bees. To get to the sweet nectar, they will slit open the side of the flower, breaking into the nectary center and robbing the flower of its juices without providing any pollination services in exchange. Carpenter bees practice buzz pollination, an active method of collecting pollen grains. When it lands on a flower, the bee uses its thoracic muscles to produce sound waves that shake the pollen loose.